The very first instinct in the event of a food allergy is to assess the severity of the reaction. In most cases, this is limited to a skin rash of the urticaria type, characterised by raised, itchy red patches. However, it can happen that the swelling of the skin affects the larynx or pharynx, leading to a major respiratory discomfort. This type of food allergy represents an absolute medical emergency, due to the accompanying risk of choking. Another danger found in certain food allergies is anaphylaxis, a severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction. It manifests as breathing difficulties, swelling of the face or throat, nausea, vomiting, a drop in blood pressure, and dizziness.
In the event of an allergic angioedema with anaphylactic shock, it is crucial to immediately call for emergency assistance by dialling 15 for the SAMU in France, 911 in the United States, 999 in the United Kingdom, or 116 117 in Germany.
While waiting for help, if the person affected by the food allergy carries with them a dose of injectable adrenaline, often presented in the form of an auto-injector pen, that is, an epipen, it must be urgently administered to them. If there is no response within the following five to ten minutes, a new dose can be injected. Adrenaline typically acts within a few minutes to reduce vasodilation, increase blood pressure, and decrease swelling. The patient should then be transported to the hospital, where they will receive further care.
Some allergic reactions can be quite striking and affect the entire body.