References | Participants | Treatments | Results |
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VOORHEES J. J. & others. (1993) - | 19 patients exhibiting melasma | 0.1% retinoic acid cream applied once daily for 40 weeks | Clinical lightening of melasma observed in 68% of patients after 24 weeks of treatment |
VOORHEES J. J. & others. (1993) - | 24 adults with dark phototypes exhibiting moderate to severe hyperpigmented lesions due to acne, shaving irritation, eczema, ingrown hairs and folliculitis | 0.1% Tretinoin cream for 40 weeks | 92% of patients showed a significantly greater lightening with tretinoin than with the control from week 4 |
BULGER L. & al. (2000) | 800 individuals with moderate to severe photo-damaged skin | 0.1% Isotretinoin cream applied once daily for 36 weeks | Significant reduction in facial, forearm, and hand pigmentation after just 12 weeks of treatment, increasing throughout the 36-week treatment period |
GIBSON J. R. & al. (2001) - | 349 subjects exhibiting facial photodamage | Tazarotene cream at various concentrations (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01%) for 24 weeks | Reduction in melanin content in the epidermis over the course of 24 weeks of treatment |
GIBSON J. R. & others. (2002) - | 542 patients exhibiting photodamage to the face | Tazarotene cream at varying concentrations (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01%) applied once daily for 24 weeks, followed by a 28-week open-label extension | Clinical improvement of hyperpigmentation at week 24, continuing with the ongoing treatment |
PARSAD D. & al. (2002) | 31 Indian female patients (with skin phototype IV) exhibiting a clinical diagnosis of epidermal type facial melasma | 0.05% Retinoic Acid (Tretinoin) Cream versus 0.1% Adapalene Gel over a 14-week period | A reduction of 37% in the area and severity of melasma was observed in the retinoic acid group, compared to a 41% reduction in the adapalene group. |
GRIFFITHS C. E. M. & et al. (2003) | 90 Caucasian patients aged between 18 and 85 years suffering from age spots | Adapalene gel at 0.1% or 0.3% once daily for 4 weeks, followed by twice-daily applications, if tolerated, up to 9 months | Lightening of senile lentigines was observed in 57% and 59% of patients treated with 0.1% and 0.3% adapalene, respectively, compared to patients treated with the control gel after 9 months of treatment |
CALLENDER V. & et al. (2006) | 74 patients aged over 12 years, with phototypes III to VI, suffering from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne | 0.1% Tazarotene cream applied once daily for 18 weeks | Significant reduction in the overall severity of hyperpigmentation, intensity and surface area of hyperpigmented lesions after 18 weeks |
LE GALL N. & al. (2010) | 180 patients aged over 12 years with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation | 0.1% Tazarotene cream versus 0.3% Adapalene gel once daily for a 16-week treatment period | Significantly greater reduction in hyperpigmented lesions with tazarotene cream than with adapalene gel |
TAYLOR S. C. & et al. (2012) | 33 patients, aged over 12 years, with phototypes IV to VI suffering from post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne | 1.2% Clindamycin Phosphate Gel + 0.025% Tretinoin once daily for 12 weeks | Improvement in the overall severity of hyperpigmentation was observed in 33% of patients between the start of the study and week 12 |
BHATT V. & al. (2019) | 766 Hispanic subjects aged between 11 and 50 years suffering from moderate to severe acne | 0.05% Tretinoin lotion applied once daily for 12 weeks | Gradual reduction in the severity of hyperpigmentation with treatment |
GUÉNIN E. & al. (2020) - | 41 black patients aged over 9 years suffering from moderate to severe post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation facial lesions | 0.05% Tretinoin lotion applied once daily for 12 weeks | Overall improvement in the severity of hyperpigmentation in 58.5% of subjects after 12 weeks |
HARRIS S. & et al. (2020) | 1,614 participants suffering from moderate to severe acne | 0.045% Tazarotene lotion over a period of 12 weeks | Improvement of hyperpigmentation sequelae associated with inflammation after 12 weeks of treatment |