The various forms of eczema.

There are numerous forms of eczema, each with different causes. They are generally classified according to their origin and the area of the body they affect. Here are the two most common types of eczema:

• Atopic eczema.

  origin genetic .

  Studies have indeed shown that this form of eczema is often associated with mutations on the genes coding for filaggrin and other proteins essential to the integrity of the stratum corneum. This results in an ineffective skin barrier that easily allows water to evaporate and allergens to penetrate. Moreover, individuals with atopic dermatitis typically secrete large amounts ofimmunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to environmental antigens, causing disproportionate immune reactions when the skin comes into contact with a common allergen (animal hair, dust...).

  Being linked to a genetic predisposition, it is unfortunately impossible to completely eradicate atopic eczema. However, the daily application of an emollient and the use of topical corticosteroids during flare-ups can significantly reduce its symptoms and thus improve the quality of life of those who suffer from it.

• Thecontact eczema.

  Also referred to as contact dermatitis, contact eczema is a result of exposure to a specific allergen and is not linked to genetics. The skin's reaction occurs after contact with an allergenic substance. Four main sources of allergens, present in our everyday environment, are generally the cause of contact eczema. These include clothing items, cosmetics, topical medications, and occupational allergens, that is, those present at work (cement, paint, pesticides, gloves...). The symptoms of contact eczema are similar to those of atopic eczema. However, unlike atopic dermatitis, it is possible to completely eliminate contact eczema by avoiding contact with the responsible allergen.

If atopic eczema and contact eczema are the most common forms of eczema, there are others. Here is a brief description of each of them:

• Nummular eczema.

  Nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema, is a form of eczema characterised by red, round patches on the skin, accompanied by itching. The lesions of nummular eczema have a well-defined appearance, similar to a coin, hence its name. This skin condition can affect different parts of the body, but it is generally localised on the arms, legs, and buttocks. Nummular eczema is often a specific form of atopic dermatitis. In non-atopic individuals, meaning those whose skin barrier does not have any dysfunction, the etiology of discoid dermatitis is unknown.

• Thevaricose eczema.

  Varicose eczema is caused by venous insufficiency. It particularly affects individuals with a history of phlebitis or varicose veins and is localised on the legs or around the ankles. Varicose eczema is characterised by red, weeping patches accompanied by intense itching. This form of eczema requires prompt treatment to prevent it from progressing into a varicose ulcer. The latter never fully heals and develops into a chronic wound.

• Thedyshidrotic eczema.

  This form of eczema is characterised by vesicular lesions on the palmoplantar epidermis, either on the edges of the fingers or toes or on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. These vesicles are filled with a clear fluid and are accompanied by itching. The exact cause of dyshidrotic eczema is still unknown to this day. However, it appears that individuals prone to other forms of eczema such as atopic eczema or contact eczema are more affected.

• Dietary deficiency eczema.

  Recent studies have shown that eczematous lesions can sometimes be correlated with a zinc deficiency. This is then referred to as deficiency eczema, a specific form of atopic eczema or contact eczema. Indeed, zinc is a trace element that plays a crucial role in the immune balance. Zinc supplementation in individuals with a deficiency and suffering from atopic eczema resulted in an improvement in their symptoms after 8 weeks of treatment.