Both concerning skin pigmentation, vitiligo and partial albinism are sometimes confused. However, these are two distinctly different conditions, with different etiologies and management approaches. How can we distinguish between vitiligo and partial albinism? Discover the answer here.
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Partial Albinism and Vitiligo: Differences between these two depigmentations.
Summary
Published December 2, 2024,
updated on December 2, 2024,
by
Pauline, Head of Scientific Communication
—
5 min read
Vitiligo, an acquired autoimmune skin condition.
Vitiligo is a skin condition characterised by depigmented patches on the skin. It results from the selective loss of melanocytes over time, the cells responsible for the production of melanin. This condition is partly explained by an autoimmune mechanism in which the immune system mistakenly attacks its own pigment cells. Genetic predispositions also play a significant role in the onset of vitiligo. Indeed, more than 50 susceptibility genes have been associated with the disease, such as HLA, CTLA4, NLRP1, and TYR. Individuals carrying one or more variants of these genes are at a higher risk of developing the disease than others.
Distinctive in nature, vitiligo macules are white and well-defined, characterised by the absence of desquamation or skin texture abnormalities. Although they can form in various parts of the body, they are most commonly found on the face, particularly around the eyes, hands and feet. The lesions of vitiligo usually appear symmetrically, although some forms of the disease result in asymmetrical spots. It's important to note that vitiligo can progress unpredictably. In some cases, it remains localised for years, while in others, it can spread rapidly within a few weeks. In the absence of a definitive cure, current treatments aim more to stabilise the progression of the disease.
Partial albinism, a rare genetic disorder.
Also known as piebaldism, partial albinism is a rare genetic condition known as autosomal dominant. This means that the genetic mutation concerns one or more genes located on a non-sex chromosome and that only one allele needs to be mutated for the disease to develop. Several genes involved in the development of melanocytes are suspected of playing a role in the development of partial albinism, such as KIT or SNAI2. Unlike vitiligo, which often appears in adulthood, partial albinism is present from birth.
Only certain areas of the body are depigmented in cases of partial albinism. The affected surfaces are generally quite limited. Partial albinism is often characterised by a triangular achromia on the forehead, accompanied by a streak of white hair. The white patches are often less distinct than those of vitiligo, with more blurred edges. Another major difference with vitiligo: partial albinism is a non-progressive disease. The depigmented spots remain fixed throughout life and do not spread, unlike those caused by vitiligo.
Although vitiligo and partial albinism are both depigmentations, they are different diseases, both in terms of their origin and their manifestations.
| Characteristics | Vitiligo | Partial Albinism |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence | 0.5 to 2% | Rare disease (< 0.0005 %) |
| Etiology | A mechanism largely autoimmune in nature, with multifactorial origins | Tyrosinase Deficiency |
| Hereditary Character | Inconsistent Genetic Component | Autosomal Dominant |
| Extent of Lesions | Variable | Lesions that are not widespread, confined to small areas of the body or scalp |
| Areas often affected | Often the face, hands and feet | Often the scalp |
| Associated Diseases | Autoimmune diseases (thyroid disorders, type 1 diabetes...) | None |
| Age of Onset | All ages, especially at the onset of adulthood | Present at birth |
| Evolution | Periods of Flare-ups | No progression of lesions |
Tableau récapitulatif des différences entre le vitiligo et l'albinisme partiel.
Adapté de : LERNER A. & al. Albinism, Partial Albinism, and Vitiligo. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (1961).
Sources
SCHULZ J. & al. Partial Albinism. Journal of the American Medical Association (1955).
LERNER A. & al. Albinism, Partial Albinism, and Vitiligo. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (1961).
BORRADORI L. & al. Dermatologie et infections sexuellement transmissibles. Elsevier Masson (2017).
EZZEDINE K. & al. Vitiligo: A Review. Dermatology (2020).
SPRITZ R. & al. The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2021).
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